Hypertension: Symptoms and Risks

Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by blood against the walls of the arteries. It is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg). When this pressure is consistently higher than normal, the condition is known as high blood pressure or hypertension.

Hypertension is widespread and often presents no noticeable symptoms. Identifying it early can help prevent serious complications such as heart attacks and strokes.

Hypertension symptoms can be silent

Many individuals with high blood pressure are unaware of their condition due to the absence of symptoms. However, when readings reach 180/120 mmHg or higher, warning signs such as headaches, palpitations or nosebleeds may occur. This level of blood pressure is classified as a hypertensive crisis and requires urgent medical attention.

For this reason, hypertension is sometimes referred to as a “silent killer.” According to the World Health Organization, nearly half of adults with this condition are unaware of it.

The Risks of Untreated Hypertension

If left unmanaged, high blood pressure can lead to severe health issues, including:

• Coronary artery disease
  
• Stroke
  
• Heart attack
  
• Peripheral artery disease
  
• Kidney damage or failure
  
• Pregnancy-related complications
  
• Eye problems
  
• Vascular dementia

   

Diagnosing Hypertension

To diagnose high blood pressure, healthcare professionals use an arm cuff to take readings. These are typically performed during routine check-ups.

A diagnosis is made if elevated readings are recorded on two or more occasions. At this point, your provider may explore your medical history and lifestyle to determine possible contributing factors.

Blood Pressure Categories

• Normal: Less than 120 mmHg / Less than 80 mmHg
  
• Elevated: 120–129 mmHg / Less than 80 mmHg
  
• Stage 1 Hypertension: 130–139 mmHg or 80–89 mmHg
  
• Stage 2 Hypertension: 140 mmHg or more or 90 mmHg or more

   

Managing and Monitoring Hypertension

Managing hypertension may involve lifestyle adjustments, medication, or a combination of both. Your healthcare provider will recommend the most suitable approach based on your individual condition.

When checking blood pressure at home, a single high reading should not cause immediate concern. It is advisable to take a second measurement and record both results. If high readings persist, consult your healthcare provider. If your blood pressure is above 180/120 mmHg, wait five minutes and measure again. If it remains elevated, seek medical assistance without delay.

Lifestyle changes are essential. Making these adjustments can significantly reduce the risks associated with high blood pressure and improve overall health.

• Maintain a healthy weight.
  
• Follow a nutritious diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy.
  
• Reduce salt intake. Aim for no more than 1,500 mg of sodium per day or, if necessary, begin by cutting down by at least 1,000 mg.
  
• Increase dietary potassium (3,500–5,000 mg daily), preferably through foods like bananas, avocados and potatoes.
  
• Engage in regular physical activity. Work towards 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise each week, along with resistance training.
  
• Drink alcohol in moderation.
  
• Avoid smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke.