Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is not classified as a sexually transmitted disease (STD), but sexual activity can increase the risk of developing it. BV is caused by an imbalance in the normal bacteria found in the vagina rather than by a specific sexually transmitted pathogen.
Key Points About Bacterial Vaginosis
- BV is the most common vaginal condition in women ages 15-44
- It’s caused by an overgrowth of certain bacteria naturally found in the vagina
- BV is not considered an STD but sexual activity is a risk factor
- Many women with BV don’t have any symptoms
- When symptoms occur, they may include unusual vaginal discharge and odor
- BV can be treated effectively with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor
What Causes Bacterial Vaginosis?
The vagina normally contains a balance of “good” and “bad” bacteria. BV occurs when there is an overgrowth of certain bacteria, disrupting the natural balance. Factors that can upset this balance include:
- Having a new sex partner or multiple partners
- Douching
- Not using condoms
- Using scented products in the vaginal area
While BV is not transmitted through sexual contact like STDs are, sexual activity appears to upset the bacterial balance and make BV more likely to develop.
Symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis
Many women with BV (up to 84%) don’t experience any symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:
- Thin white or gray vaginal discharge
- Pain, itching, or burning in the vagina
- A strong fish-like odor, especially after sex
- Burning during urination
- Itching around the outside of the vagina
These symptoms can be similar to other vaginal infections, so it’s important to see a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Diagnosis and Treatment
A healthcare provider can diagnose BV through a pelvic exam and lab tests of vaginal fluid. BV is typically treated with antibiotics, either oral or topical.
It’s important to complete the full course of antibiotics even if symptoms improve. Partners usually don’t need treatment, but women should avoid sexual activity or use condoms during treatment.
Prevention and Self-Care
While BV can recur, there are steps you can take to help prevent it:
- Limit your number of sexual partners
- Use condoms consistently
- Avoid douching
- Wear cotton underwear and avoid tight clothing
- Wipe from front to back after using the toilet
- Avoid scented products in the vaginal area
If you experience recurrent BV, talk to your healthcare provider about preventive treatments or lifestyle changes that may help.
When to See a Doctor
You should consult a healthcare provider if you experience:
- Unusual vaginal discharge, especially if accompanied by odor
- Vaginal itching or burning
- Pain during urination or sex
Early treatment can help prevent complications and ensure you receive the right diagnosis, as symptoms can be similar to other conditions.
Bacterial Vaginosis and Pregnancy
BV during pregnancy has been associated with some risks, including premature birth and low birth weight. Pregnant women with symptoms should see their healthcare provider for evaluation and potential treatment.
